Disclaimer

Kin & Ledger provides genealogy calculators and guides for general information and education. Family history can touch on sensitive matters; please read this page before relying on any result.

DNA Results Are Probabilities

Expected shared DNA figures are averages derived from inheritance patterns. Real relatives vary widely around them, and several relationships share the same expected value. A shared centimorgan figure cannot on its own prove or disprove a relationship, paternity, adoption or any other biological connection. Endogamy, testing errors and false matches can all mislead. Draw conclusions only from a combination of DNA evidence, documents and the ages of the people involved.

Unexpected Discoveries

DNA testing and record research can reveal unexpected parentage, adoptions, donor conception or unknown relatives. These discoveries can be distressing for you and for others. Consider the feelings and privacy of living people before sharing conclusions, and seek support from counsellors or support groups experienced in these situations if you need it.

Not Medical or Legal Evidence

Nothing on this site is medical, genetic counselling or legal advice. Relationship estimates are not suitable for inheritance claims, immigration cases, court proceedings or paternity disputes, which require accredited testing and professional advice.

Records and Conventions

Calendar conversions depend on the calendar actually in use at the place and time of a record, which varied by country, region and religious community. Soundex results follow the published rules, but historical indexes were compiled by hand and contain inconsistencies. Generation lengths are averages. Always check results against original sources.

Information About Living People

You are responsible for respecting the privacy of living relatives when you record, publish or share family information.

Limitation of Liability

To the extent permitted by law, Kin & Ledger is not liable for any loss or distress arising from use of, or reliance on, the calculators or guides.

External Links

Links to archives, societies and other sites are provided for convenience; we are not responsible for their content.